diff --git a/assignments/week3/main.pdf b/assignments/week3/main.pdf index 3e89b74..5fdd3b8 100644 Binary files a/assignments/week3/main.pdf and b/assignments/week3/main.pdf differ diff --git a/assignments/week3/main.tex b/assignments/week3/main.tex index 0fcab65..ffa439b 100644 --- a/assignments/week3/main.tex +++ b/assignments/week3/main.tex @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Now for the implication to the left $(\leftarrow)$. Assume now that the right side is true, i.e. let's assume that $\forall \epsilon > 0$, there exists $a \in A$ such that $a_0 - \epsilon < a$. Again, let us first investigate the case where $a_0 \in A$. Well certainly still, if $a_0$ is an upper bound for $A$ and it is also part of the set itself, it must be the supremum\footnote{Proven in -earlier exercise}. +earlier exercise.}. Then, let's assume that $a_0 \notin A$. Now, for all positive $\epsilon$, we know there exists an $a \in A$ such that $a \neq a_0$ and $a_0 - \epsilon < a$. Let us assume then that this implies that $a_0 \neq \sup A$ and @@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ Since the implication holds both ways, the equivalence is proven. \qed \begin{tcolorbox} \begin{enumerate}[label=\emph{(\alph*)}] \item Let $a,b \in \R$ with $a < b$. Prove that the sets $(-\infty, a), (a,b)$ and $(b, \infty)$ are open. - \item Let $A$ be a set (not necessarily a subset of $\R$), and for each $\lambda \in A$, let $U_\lambda \subset - \R$. Prove that if $U_\lambda$ is open for all $\lambda \in A$ then the set + \item Let $\Lambda$ be a set (not necessarily a subset of $\R$), and for each $\lambda \in \Lambda$, + let $U_\lambda \subset \R$. Prove that if $U_\lambda$ is open for all $\lambda \in \Lambda$ then the set \begin{equation*} - \bigcup_{\lambda \in A} U_\lambda = - \{x \in \R : \exists \lambda \in A \text{ such that } x \in U_\lambda\} + \bigcup_{\lambda \in \Lambda} U_\lambda = + \{x \in \R : \exists \lambda \in \Lambda \text{ such that } x \in U_\lambda\} \end{equation*} is open. \item Let $n \in \N$, and let $U_1,...,U_n \subset \R$. Prove that if $U_1,...,U_n$ are open then the set @@ -157,9 +157,28 @@ Since the implication holds both ways, the equivalence is proven. \qed respectively as well. Also, their respective right and left side are present in $(a,b)$ as well, so we will only prove it for this case. The other cases follow logically. + Let $a,b \in \R$ such that $a < b$. We want to show that for all $x \in (a,b)$ there exists $\epsilon > 0$ + such that $(x - \epsilon, x + \epsilon) \subset (a,b)$. Since for all $y \in (a,b)$ such that + $x - \epsilon < y < x + \epsilon$ this statement will recursively hold, we only need to prove that there + exists $\epsilon > 0$ such that $a < x - \epsilon$ and $x + \epsilon < b$. Then we can pick a fitting + $\epsilon$ in the following way, depending if $x$ is closer to $a$ or to $b$, formalized as follows. - \item - \item + If $x - a = b - x \implies 2x = b + a \implies x = \frac{b+a}{2}$, then $x$ is precisely between $a$ and $b$ + and we can pick $\epsilon$ to be $\frac{b - a}{4}$. Then $x + \epsilon < b$ and $x - \epsilon > a$. + + When $x - a < b - x$, then $x$ will be closer to $a$ then to be and $\epsilon$ is bounded more by $x$'s + proximity to $a$ than to $b$, i.e. $\epsilon < x - a$. So we can pick $\epsilon = \frac{x-a}{2} < x - a$. + Then $x - \epsilon = x - \frac{x - a}{2} = \frac{x + a}{2}$. Since $x > a$, $\frac{x + a}{2} > a$. For the + other side, $x + \epsilon = x + \frac{x - a}{2} < x + \frac{b - x}{2} = \frac{x + b}{2} < b$ since $x < b$. + So for both sides, we have shown that there exists an $\epsilon$ such that both + $x - \epsilon, x + \epsilon \in (a,b)$. All elements inbetween $x - \epsilon$ and $x + \epsilon$ will also + definitely be in $(a,b)$. + + The argument when $b - x < x - a$ is very similar and will be left to the reader. Then, for all $x \in (a,b)$, + the statement is proven. \qed + \item Non-formally speaking, in this exercise we want to prove that any union of open sets in $\R$ is open itself. + \item Similarly to the previous exercise, non-formally speaking we want to prove that any intersection of open sets + in $\R$ is open itself. \item \end{enumerate}