diff --git a/assignments/main_text.pdf b/assignments/main_text.pdf index ea9d433..7011f7c 100644 Binary files a/assignments/main_text.pdf and b/assignments/main_text.pdf differ diff --git a/assignments/week3/main.pdf b/assignments/week3/main.pdf index ec7e2a0..118e75d 100644 Binary files a/assignments/week3/main.pdf and b/assignments/week3/main.pdf differ diff --git a/assignments/week3/main.tex b/assignments/week3/main.tex index f196ad8..fbf1cdf 100644 --- a/assignments/week3/main.tex +++ b/assignments/week3/main.tex @@ -25,10 +25,104 @@ since $x < k < m < h < y$. \qed \exercise* \begin{tcolorbox} Let $E \subset (0,1)$ be the set of all real numbers with decimal representation using only the digits 1 and 2: - \begin{equation} + \begin{equation*} E := \{x \in (0,1) : \forall j \in \N, \exists d_j \in \{1,2\} \text{ such that } x = 0.d_1d_2...\} - \end{equation} + \end{equation*} Prove that $|E| = |\mathcal{P}(\N)|$. \end{tcolorbox} +As a hint to this exercise: \textit{Consider the function $f : E \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\N)$ such that if $x \in E, +x = 0.d_1d_2...$, +\begin{equation*} + f(x) = \{j \in \N : d_j = 2\}. +\end{equation*}} + +In order to prove that 2 sets are of equal cardinality, we need to prove that there is a bijective function between +the 2 sets. In this case, the aforementioned hint function does the trick. Non-formally speaking, it is exactly what +we are looking for: it is a (weird) representation of the power set of natural numbers, in that for every decimal, +represented by a natural number, it is decided if that decimal is a 2 or a 1. This is similar to the actual power set +of the natural numbers, in which for every natural number it is decided whether the number is in a subset or not. + +Now for a formal proof. To show that $f$ is bijective, we need to show that it is surjective and injective. +\begin{description} + \item[Injectivity of $f$] In order to show that $f$ is injective, we have to show that for every $x \in E$, there + is a unique $y \in \mathcal{P}(\N)$ for the function, by showing that $f(a) = f(b) \implies a = b$. + + So, let's assume that for some $a,b \in E$, $f(a) = f(b)$. So, there two sets of natural numbers + $\{a_1,a_2,...,a_n\} = \{b_1,b_2,...,b_m\}$. Equality in sets means that every element that is present in the + one set, is present in the other, and vice versa. No element that is present in either set, is missing in the + other. So, in this case, both sets will represent the same sequence of digits that are 2. Because the only + other option for digits is 1, that means the complete digital representation of $a$ and $b$ are known, + unique and the same. This concludes the proof for injectivity. + \item[Surjectivity of $f$] To prove surjectivity, we need to prove that for any arbitrary $y \in \mathcal{P}(\N)$, + there exists a corresponding $x \in E$ such that $f(x) = y$. + + So, take an arbitrary $y = \{y_1, y_2, ... , y_n\}$, where each $y_i \in \N$ and thus $y \in \mathcal{P}(\N)$. + Then, corresponding $x \in E$ can be constructed easily as follows. Take a decimal number $0.d_1d_2...$ and + turn every decimal $d_i$ for which $i \in y$ into a 2, and every other decimal into a 1. Since every decimal + can only be a 1 or 2, this handles every decimal correctly. Also, $f(x)$ will be in $\mathcal{P}(\N)$. +\end{description} + +Since, $f$ is 1-to-1 and onto, $f$ is bijective. Then, because there exists a bijective function from +$E$ to $\mathcal{P}(\N)$, $|E| = |\mathcal{P}(\N)|$. \qed + +\exercise* +\begin{tcolorbox} + \begin{enumerate}[label=\emph{(\alph*)}] + \item Let $A$ and $B$ be two disjoint, countably infinite sets. Prove that $A \cup B$ is countably infinite. + \item Prove that the set of irrational numbers, $\R\backslash\Q$, is uncountable. You may use the facts + discussed in the lectures that $\R\backslash\Q$ is infinite and $\R$ is uncountable without proof. + \end{enumerate} +\end{tcolorbox} +\begin{enumerate}[label=\emph{(\alph*)},wide] + \item So let $A$ and $B$ be two disjoint, countably infinite sets. Since these sets are countably infinite, + a bijective function to $\N$ exists for both functions separately. It is then straightforward to map both these + function together to $\Z$ instead, in the following way. Let $f$ be the bijective function such that + $f : A \rightarrow \N$ and let $g$ be the bijective function such that $g : B \rightarrow \N$. Then, we can + define a new function $h : A \cup B \rightarrow \Z$ as + \begin{align*} + h(x) &= f(x) \text{ if } x \in A \\ + &= -g(x) \text{ if } x\in B. + \end{align*} + Since $A \cap B = \emptyset$, this function is unambiguously defined. Since $\Z$ is countably infinite, + $A \cup B$ is countably infinite as well. \qed + + \item Because of part (a), we know that if we have two disjoint, countably infinite sets and join them, the result + is still countably infinite. The opposite must then also be true: if we have a countably infinite set and + we divide it into two disjoint subsets, both of which are infinite, then they still must be countable. + + So then, for $\R\backslash\Q$, we know that $\R$ is uncountably infinite. So when we split it into rational + and irrational subsets, from which we know that $\Q$ is countably infinite, $\R\backslash\Q$ must be at least + and at most uncountably infinite. \qed +\end{enumerate} + +\exercise* +\begin{tcolorbox} + Let $A$ be a subset of $\R$ which is bounded above, and let $a_0$ be an upper bound for $A$. Prove that $a_0 = + \sup A$ if and only if for every $\epsilon > 0$, there exists $a \in A$ such that $a_0 - \epsilon < a$. +\end{tcolorbox} + +Let $A \subset \R$, with $A$ bounded above by $a_0$. +So, we have to prove the implication both ways. First, let's prove that the implication to the right $(\rightarrow)$. + +Assume that $a_0 = \sup A$, so for all $a \in A$, $a \leq a_0$. Also, let $\epsilon > 0$. If $a_0 \in A$, +then we pick $a_0$ as $a$ and get $a_0 - \epsilon < a_0$, which holds $\forall \epsilon > 0$. If $a_0 \notin A$, +then we choose $a$ as the average of $a_0$ and $a_0 - \epsilon$, which is definitely smaller than $a_0$. We are +allowed to pick this as $a$, because we assume without loss of generality that $a \geq \inf A$. Then we get +\begin{align*} + a_0 - \epsilon &< \frac{a_0 + a_0 - \epsilon}{2} \\ + &< a_0 - \frac{\epsilon}{2} \implies \\ + -\epsilon &< -\frac{\epsilon}{2}. +\end{align*} +Since $\epsilon > 0$, this always holds. + +Now for the implication to the left $(\leftarrow)$. + +Assume now that the right side is true, i.e. let's assume that $\forall \epsilon > 0$, there exists $a \in A$ such that +$a_0 - \epsilon < a$. Again, let us first investigate the case where $a_0 \in A$. Well certainly still, if $a_0$ is +an upper bound for $A$ and it is also part of the set itself, it must be the supremum. Then, let's assume that +$a_0 \notin A$. Now, for all positive $\epsilon$, we know there exists an $a \in A$ such that $a \neq a_0$ and +$a_0 - \epsilon < a$. So, $a_0 < a + \epsilon$. $a_0$ is an upper bound and we can find $a$'s such that $a+\epsilon$ +is always bigger than $a_0$, so $a_0$ must be the supremum. If $a_0$ wasn't the supremum, then there must be some $b$ +such that $a < b < a_0 < a + \epsilon$. WIP \end{document}